![]() Recent research has produced detailed analysis of the symptoms of Complex PTSD, PTSD and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The clinical picture of a person who has been reduced to elemental concerns of survival is still frequently mistaken for a portrait of the survivor's underlying character." :388 Complex PTSD, BPD and Personality Disorders ![]() When the trauma is kept secret, as is frequently the case in sexual and domestic violence, the survivor's symptoms and behavior may appear quite baffling, not only to lay people but also to mental health professionals. The survivor's difficulties are all too easily attributed to underlying character problems, even when the trauma is known. Judith Lewis-Herman, who first proposed Complex PTSD as a separate diagnosis, stated: Observers who have never experienced prolonged terror, and who have no understanding of coercive methods of control, often presume that they would show greater psychological resistance than the victim in similar circumstances. In addition to the symptoms above, survivors of prolonged child abuse have an increased risk of both self-injury and repeated victimization, for example relationships with abusive people, sexual harassment, and rape.
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